Product Description
Iodine,I, is a nonmetallic element with an orthorhombic crystal structure, a violet to black color. This poisonous element sublimes readily and is easily purified in this manner. It is insoluble in water,but is soluble in common solvents such as alcohol, ether,and carbon tetr achloride. Iodine is used as a germicide, an antiseptic, in dyes,tinctures, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the production of vanadium metal in the McKechnie-Seybolt process, which is the reduction of vana dium pento xide in the presence of iodine. Iodine is used in a similar manner in the production of high-purity zirconium.
For many years, iodine tincture(3% to 7% dissolved in ethyl alcohol) has been an important antiseptic. The commercial tinctures also usually contain 5% potassium iodide to provide stability. This form produces a mild burning of the skin and stains both skin and fabrics. A milder preparation is available in which about 2% iodine is contained in an oil-water emulsion which also contains lecithin.
Iodine, (I), is a nonmetallic element of family seven, the halogens. It is heavy, grayish-black in color, has a characteristic odor, and is readily sublimed to a violet vapor. It has a vapor density of 4.98, which is heavier than air. It melts at 236°F (113.5°C), has a boiling point of 363°F (184°C), and is insoluble in water. Iodine is toxic by ingestion and inhalation, and is a strong irritant to eyes and skin. The TLV ceiling is 0.1 ppm in air. Iodine is used for antiseptics, germicides, x-ray contrast material, food and feed additives, water treatment, and medicinal soaps. The four-digit UN identification number for iodine is only for the compounds iodine mono chloride and iodine pentafl uoride, and they are 1792 and 2495, respectively. The DOT lists iodine monoc hloride as a Class 8 corrosive, and iodine pentaflu oride carries an oxidizer and poison label. Iodine does not have an NFPA 704 designation.
Heavy, grayish-black plates or granules having a metallic luster; characteristic odor. Readily sublimed having a violet vapor.Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulfide, chl oroform, ether, carbon tetr achloride, glycerol, and alkaline iodide solutions; insoluble.
Iodine in its pure state is a black solid that sublimates (changes from a solid to a gas withoutgoing through a liquid state) at room temperature. It produces a deep purple vapor that is irritatingto the eyes, nose, and throat. Iodine tends to form nonmetallic diatomic molecules (I2).It is the heaviest of the naturally occurring halogens. (Although astatine, the fifth element ingroup 17, is heavier than iodine, it is a synthetic element and does not occur in nature exceptas a very small trace.) Iodine is the least reactive of the five halogens.
Iodine's melting point is 113.7°C, its boiling point is 184.4°C, and its density is 4.93g/cm3.
There are a total of 145 isotopes of iodine. Only one (I-127) is stable andaccounts for 100% of iodine's natural abundance on Earth. All the other 146 isotopesare radioactive with half-lives ranging from a 150 nanoseconds to 1.57×10+7
Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chl oroform, carbon tetrach loride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I, is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides and thyroxin, which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental iodine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity.
One of the most important uses of iodine is in the treatment of hypothyroidism, a conditionin which the thyroid gland is deficient in iodine. Iodine deficiency may lead to the formationof a goiter, wherein the gland that surrounds the windpipe in the neck becomes enlarged.There are other causes of goiter, including cancer of the thyroid gland. A deficiency of iodinecan also cause cretinism (infant hypothyroidism) in newborn babies, which can result inmental retardation unless the subject takes thyroid hormones for a lifetime. Green leafy foods,among other foods, contain iodine that when taken into the human body ends up in thethyroid gland. Some food grown in iodine-deficient soils do not contain adequate iodine forour diets. This is why iodine was added to table salt (about 0.01% potassium iodide) decadesago, specifically for people who live in regions with iodine-poor soils. The area around theGreat Lakes in the United States is one region with soil that is deficient in iodine. A healthydiet requires 90 to 150 micrograms of iodine each day that, in addition to being available iniodized salt, can be obtained from eating a balanced diet, including seafood.
The isotope iodine-131 is an artificial radioisotope of iodine used as a tracer in biomedicalresearch and as a treatment for thyroid disease. I-131 has a half-life of about eight days, whichmeans it will be eliminated from the body in several weeks.
In industry, iodine is used for dyes, antiseptics, germicides, X-ray contrast medium, foodand feed additives, pharmaceuticals, medical soaps, and photographic film emulsions and as alaboratory catalyst to either speed up or slow down chemical reactions.
Iodine is also used as a test for starch. When placed on starch (a potato for example), iodineturns the starch a dark blue color. Silver iodide is used in the manufacture of photographicfilm and paper. It is also used to "seed" clouds because of its ability to form a large numberof crystals that act as nuclei upon which moisture in the clouds condenses, forming raindropsthat may result in rain.
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A4: As we know, prices of chemicals are not fixed, they fluctuate with the markets.
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